Farmers' willingness to stabilize the land contract relationship facing the upcoming expiry of land contracts

On the verge of the expiry of land contracts, it is theoretically and practically important to explore the willingness and motivations of farmers to stabilize the land contract relationship, with regards to protecting their land contract rights, addressing potential contradictions during the land contract extension, and maintaining the stability of contracted land. Using China Land Economic Survey Data in 2020, this paper explores the impact of differences in areas per capita of household contracted land on farmers' willingness to stabilize land contract relationship. The findings show that most farmers support the stability of land contract relationship;the smaller areas per capita of contracted land are occupied by households than the average in the village, the weaker of the farmers' willingness to stabilize the land contract relationship. The difference between the areas per capita of contracted land ownership of a household and the average in the village has a greater impact on the willingness to stabilize land contract relationship for middle-and low-income farmers, while the development of land transfer market does not increased the willingness. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the land plays a more important role of employment security, which reduces farmers' willingness to stabilize the land contract relationship. Furthermore, the promotion of socialized agricultural service has also mitigated the willingness of farmers o stabilize the land contract relationship.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the popularity of protected areas for mountain biking and hiking in Australia: insights from volunteered geographic information. (Special Issue: Covid-19 and outdoor recreation.)

Although the popularity of protected areas for recreation has been increasing, short term changes in visitation occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. To examine how volunteer geographic information data can be used to monitor such often rapid changes in visitation across multiple locations, data from online fitness platforms for mountain biking (Trailforks) and remote area hiking (Wikiloc) were analysed before (2019) and during (2020-2021) the COVID-19 pandemic for 40 protected areas in Queensland, Australia. Mountain biking was popular with a total of 93,311 routes on Trailforks, with 26,936 routes in 2019, increasing to 37,406 in 2020, and then decreasing to 28,969 in 2021. Approximately 66% of all the routes were from just three urban protected areas out of the 12 with route data. There were 4367 routes for remote area hiking on Wikiloc across 36 protected areas, which increased slightly from 1081 in 2019, to 1421 in 2020 and to 1865 in 2021. Across 18 factors, distance from urban areas and networks of mountain biking trails best predicted popularity for mountain biking based on Generalised Linear Models. In contrast, average slope and large networks of hiking trails best predicted hiking, with similar results for each year. The two sources of online data were correlated with trail counter data, although not consistently. The results highlight how external factors affect visitation, but also how the same types of protected areas remained popular, and that the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on visitation in South-East Queensland protected areas was less dramatic than for other regions. This study further highlights how volunteered geographic information can be used to assess the popularity of protected areas, including in rapidly changing conditions. Management implications Rapid changes in visitation can be challenging to monitor and manage, as occurred with the COVID-19 pandemic. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mountain biking and hiking and factors predicting protected area popularity were examined across different parks. Visitation increased at different stages of the pandemic, with mountain bikers' preferring urban parks with networks of mountain bike trails while some hikers preferred more remote large parks. Managers can expand on traditional methods of visitor monitoring by using volunteered geographic information to monitor rapid and longer-term trends of visitation to protected areas.

COVID-19 compliance among urban trail users: behavioral insights and environmental implications. (Special Issue: Covid-19 and outdoor recreation.)

Public green spaces provide physical and mental respite, which have become essential and elevated services during the COVID-19 pandemic. As visitation to public parks and recreation areas increased during the pandemic, the challenge of maintaining visitor safety and protecting environmental resources was exacerbated. A key visitor safety practice during the COVID-19 onset was maintaining a physical distance of six feet (1.8 m) between groups. A novel data set documented and compared physical distancing compliance and off-trail behavior on multiple-use trails across multiple states and within select U.S. communities, attending to the impact of select environmental factors. Nearly 6000 observations revealed physical distancing compliance varied and the environmental factors of trail width, density, and signage influenced its variability. Similarly, off-trail movement was related to trail width and density. Clearly the environment matters as people negotiate the 'new normal' of physical distancing during physical activity and outdoor recreation participation. Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and likelihood of future health crises, this project provides important information and insight for trail and other public green space management, monitoring, and modelling moving forward.

Fostering landscape immunity to protect human health: a science-based rationale for shifting conservation policy paradigms

Anthropogenic land use change is a major driver of zoonotic pathogen spillover from wildlife to humans. According to the land use-induced spillover model, land use change alters environmental conditions that in turn alter the dynamics between zoonotic pathogens and their wildlife hosts. Thus, in response to the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (the agent of COVID-19 disease), there have been renewed calls for landscape conservation as a disease preventive measure, including by the G7 Ministers responsible for Climate and the Environment. Landscape immunity, as a new construct, points to four paradigm shifts the world must favor to effectively mitigate pandemic risks. We provide a landscape immunity primer for policy makers and make the case for "world views" that place Homo sapiens within ecological systems, regard human health as an ecological service, prioritize investments in prevention, and apply ecological restoration to human health goals. Crisis is a conversation starter for reimagining and recommitting ourselves to what is most vital and generative. We urge world leaders to make the move to a nature-positive world.

Reprint of: COVID-19 messaging in U.S. state parks: extensions of the outdoor recreation strategies and practices framework unmasked by the pandemic. (Special Issue: Covid-19 and outdoor recreation.)

U.S. state parks are a considerable part of the nation's recreation landscape. Understanding their management concerns, including impacts from pandemics, is imperative for sustainably achieving park objectives. Our study aimed to (1) examine park managers' responses to a novel stressor (COVID-19);(2) aid managers in communicating these strategies to visitors in their pre-visit phase;and (3) test a park management framework's ability to adapt to this novel stressor in this pre-visit phase. Manning and colleagues' outdoor recreation strategies and practices framework provides parks with up to 24 response options to an issue: four strategies intersecting with six practices. This framework has been limited to common in-park concerns and visitors. We examined how park systems communicate with potential visitors about COVID-19, to advance the framework toward broader concerns and scales. We analyzed the 50 U.S. state park systems' official COVID-19 communications at the traditional start of the peak use season (summer 2020). We qualitatively coded these for reference to the framework's components and mentions of scale. This highlighted that while "limit use" and "reduce impact of use" were the only strategies used, different practices and recognitions of beyond-park and beyond-visit scales were acknowledged (e.g., "please recreate close to home"). We suggest the data reveal a seventh practice in use and for framework inclusion: "influence pre-visit decisions". The pandemic provided an opportunity for parks to communicate their managerial responses with consistency and creativity, as well as an opportunity for researchers and managers to advance the strategies and practices framework.

Prospect and challenges with Penta helix model for UNESCO global geopark and local economic development: a lesson from Indonesia

Batur is the first area in Indonesia that is considered worthy of being a geopark by UNESCO. This determination is an acceleration of the progress of the nature and culture-based tourism industry that helps the welfare of the surrounding community with the principle of sustainability. This study aims to examine the role of several parties in enhancing UNESCO global geopark in Batur Bali of Indonesia as well as promoting local economic welfare. The study adopted a qualitative study with case study approach to gain a comprehensive result of the phenomenon. The qualitative content analysis and narrative analysis was used to process various information. This study focuses in UNESCO Global Geopark Batur Bali in Indonesia as the first and most successful in creating a better economic welfare primarily during and post the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that the Penta helix model can be used to develop Geopark Batur Bali and Indonesia in general in which each party plays their role in this development tourism and local economic development.

Survey of citizens' satisfaction with urban parks in the COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey

Urban landscapes and green spaces are an important and integral part of urban spaces, these places play a significant role in improving the quality of life of citizens and increasing their well-being, so citizens' satisfaction with these places, especially in critical situations such as A pandemic is important, Therefore, citizens 'satisfaction with these places is especially important in critical situations such as pandemics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate citizens' satisfaction with urban parks in pandemic conditions. The required data have been obtained through library resources and questionnaires and have been analyzed by calculating the frequency and mean score of its variables. The results of the data showed that the role of urban parks in reducing the stress caused by the Covid 19 pandemic with an average score of 3.2 is significant and also the existence of an appropriate number of urban parks to reduce population density with an average score of 1.5 indicates a lack of urban green space. In general, it can be concluded that urban parks play an effective role in critical situations such as pandemics and their access should be maintained and strengthened, Also, the facilities needed by these parks to adapt them to pandemic conditions will be increased, in order to increase citizens' satisfaction with these places.

Spatio-temporal evolution dynamic, effect and governance policy of construction land use in urban agglomeration: case study of Yangtze River Delta, China

The urban construction land change is the most obvious and complex spatial phenomenon in urban agglomerations which has attracted extensive attention of scholars in different fields. Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration is the most mature urban agglomeration in China, a typical representative in both China and the world. This paper analyzes the evolution dynamic, effect and governance policy of urban construction land in Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration 2011-2020 using a combination of BCG model, decoupling model and GIS tools. The findings are as follows. (1) There are large intercity differences in urban construction land in urban agglomerations, but the spatial heterogeneity is gradually decreasing. (2) The change trends and evolution patterns of urban construction land in urban agglomerations are increasingly diversified, with emergence of a variety of types such as rapid growth, slow growth, inverted U-shape, stars, cows, question and dogs. (3) The population growth, economic development and income improvement corresponding to the change of urban construction land in urban agglomerations have no desirable effect, with most cities in the expansive negative decoupling state. (4) The decoupling types show increasingly complex changes, in evolution, degeneration and unchanged states. Affected by economic transformation and the outbreak of COVID-19, an increasing number of cities are in strong negative decoupling and degeneration states, threatening the sustainable development of urban agglomerations. (5) Based on the division of urban agglomerations into three policy areas of Transformation Leading, Land Dependent, and Land Reduction, the response strategies for each are proposed, and a differentiated land use zoning management system is established.

COVID-19 lockdown effect on land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has changed the human lifestyle just like a disaster in 2020. Many people died throughout the world due to its severe attack. Lockdown is the most common term used in today's life to prevent the adverse effect of COVID-19. However, during the lockdown period, a significant improvement in the urban environment was noticed in almost every part of the world. During the lockdown period, the decrease in the number of running vehicles and moving people on the road lowers the pollution level and it has a direct positive impact on the urban environment. The study examines the changes found in land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the lockdown period in Raipur city, India with the earlier periods (2013-19) to compare the environmental status. The results indicate that the LST is reduced and NDVI is increased significantly during the lockdown period, and the negativity of the LST-NDVI correlation is increased remarkably. The study also shows a better ecological status of the city during the lockdown period. The study is useful for environmental strategists and urban planners.

Urban green areas in the city of Joao Pessoa/PB and the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in Parque Solon de Lucena

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the health and well-being of people around the world. In this period, urban parks and green areas were recognized as vital for the physical and mental health of the population. However, in Brazil, studies in the context of the pandemic are scarce. In this sense, the objective of this research was to understand the importance and benefits of urban green areas for users' physical and psychological well-being from a study in Parque Solon de Lucena, in Joao Pessoa-PB, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifty interviews were conducted with park visitors. The results showed that most users had completed high school, and more than half (58%) of visitors were between 16 and 35 years old. It was also verified that the population perceives the benefits for the well-being provided by the park and that the relaxation of restrictive measures led to an increase in interest in attending the park.

EIDs and the intersectional health/livelihoods paradox in the rural global south

This article presents the framework of the intersectional health/livelihoods paradox to analyse how political economic processes incur land use change to create vulnerability to infectious disease, but that in contending with these risks rural people negotiate conflicts with livelihoods. The conflicts and trade-offs people make in deliberating over health and livelihood outcomes because of ecological degradation are distributed unevenly through lines of social difference, such as gender and class. While the health/livelihoods paradox is evident within contexts of vulnerability to infectious disease, it is poignant when considering the impacts of interventions and containment strategies to control outbreaks in rural settings. Despite considerable attention on the urban context of disease surveillance, spread and containment due to the Covid-19 pandemic, this article refocuses analysis of the impacts of emerging infectious disease (EID) in rural contexts. The article shifts attention away from analysis of the problematic practices of rural households that undertake livelihood activities such as harvesting of wildlife for consumption, to a nexus between land use change, ecologies, livelihoods and health. The literature is fragmented in terms of the landscapes explored, developmental processes, species dynamics, diseases and social contexts. Therefore, this article presents a framework that enables complex dynamics such as these, that lead people to make compromises between competing health and livelihood outcomes to be examined.

Agricultural land prices in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

The article aims to estimate the dynamics of agricultural land prices in nominal and real terms and to assess their differentiation due to land localisation and land quality in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the period preceding the pandemic in Poland. The results of the analysis, showed that during the five years before the pandemic the rate of growth of the arable land prices was high. In the first year of the pandemic, the prices were stable, but in the second one, the prices soared. The rate of growth was higher than the rates in the previous years. One of the reasons for the excessively high increase was inflation. The appearance of urban households on the land market was another reason. The restrictions imposed on society due to COVID-19, combined with the development of remote work opportunities, resulted in a rise in the interest in purchasing residential real estates in rural areas and increased demand for agricultural land. This phenomenon will have long term multidimensional effects for rural areas. Moreover, the quick growth of land prices, despite the existing legal barriers to trade, means that land is regarded more and more as an regular investment good. The rapid growth of agricultural land prices increases the attractiveness of agricultural land as a speculative good. In such circumstances, it is not surprising that during the pandemic, the relation of the prices of fertile land to prices of lower quality land decreased. Probably this phenomenon will be an important barrier to the improvement in the area structure of the Polish agriculture.

COVID-19 and climate: threat multipliers to Pacific food and nutrition security

Factors currently undermining food and nutrition security in Pacific Island Countries are discussed, namely: climate and water risk, associated loss of arable land and the adaptation gap;limited employment opportunities and reliance on remittances;significant dependence on food imports;persistent gender inequality;rapid population growth, intergenerational inequity, and urbanisation;persistent under-resourcing of biosecurity, animal and plant health;fragmented value chains and food governance systems;traditional farming practises and declines in agricultural productivity;increasing logistical costs and the future implications of greenhouse gas targets for shipping food to and from Pacific nations;and poorly adapted and underfunded education and risk communication. It is also indicated that the current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted exposures in Pacific security, with this shock resulting in significant loss of employment and incomes, disrupted value chains due to both local and international restrictions on logistics, and resultant increases in food prices and growing food insecurity.

Critical agrarian studies and COVID-19: socio-territorial movements and the struggle for land in Brazil. (Estudos agrarios criticos e COVID-19: movimentos socioterritoriais e luta pela terra no Brasil.)

This dossier seeks to present critical studies, views and multidisciplinary knowledge from an emancipatory perspective on the agrarian issue in Brazil, its expressions, and counter-hegemonic processes of social struggles in the context of COVID-19. In order to build horizontal and cross-cutting dialogues, this dossier focuses on gender representation and the heterogeneity of themes, socio-territorial movements, academic backgrounds and Brazilian regions to understand one of the most contradictory realities on the planet in "pandemic capitalism", as can be appreciated by readers in the nine articles that make up this dossier.

4th International Conference on Environmental Resources Management, 1 November 2021

This issue contains 70 papers that were presented at a conference with the theme, "Landscape Dynamics and Sustainable Development Post Covid-19 Pandemic." The papers cover topics on landscape inventory and mapping;human impact on landscape;disaster management;food security;gender and demographic bonus;climate adaptation and mitigation;sustainable cities and community resilience;and clean water and sanitation.

Exports with equity? Land, income, and agrarian transition in Vietnam. (La COVID-19 sur le secteur humanitaire, quels impacts et quelles pistes de solutions?)

This paper uses survey data from the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam to explore the equity implications of export-oriented agrarian transitions in two communities, one engaged in intensive rice agriculture and the other shrimp farming. The data show that shrimp aquaculture has brought greater inequality in the distribution of land, while generating more employment and economic opportunity and creating a more equitable distribution of income than rice farming. This study suggests that processes of agrarian transition can shape social relations around land and labour in divergent ways, due to differences in the nature of export commodities and their production.

Managers perceptions and mitigation strategies amidst COVID-19 pandemic - the case of a nature-based tourism destination in Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia

COVID-19 pandemic has deteriorated nature-based tourism sectors around the world. Indeed, tourism site managers' perceptions of and mitigation strategies to COVID-19 play a significant role in ensuring tourism operationalization and its management amidst pandemics. Using the case of Curug Cipeteuy, a community-based tourism destination in Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP), we investigate managers perceptions on COVID-19 and understand their mitigation strategies amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire survey, depth interviews, and field observation were conducted. We found that while managers' opinion of COVID-19 was relatively low, they hold high agreement in supporting tourism development amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. These could be related to those managers who are proud of tourism and its promising benefits to their area. Furthermore, both structural and non-structural mitigation strategies were done to overcoming pandemic impacts and inviting visitors.

Real estate and COVID-19: impact and regulatory response in India

Covid-19 has had a significant impact on the real estate sector the world over. The significance of real estate to the Indian economy is substantial - both, in terms of GDP contribution and employment generation. As a supplier of both commercial and residential infrastructure, real estate acts as a fulcrum for growth and enables holistic socio-economic development. This paper studies the extent of the impact of Covid-19 on the Indian real estate sector, and evaluates the response to the challenges on the part of Real Estate Regulatory Authorities (RERAs) and other agencies in the real estate regulatory framework. Using primary data from a survey covering 257 respondents from 16 states, and secondary data from surveys conducted in two separate waves of Covid-19 - one by Anarock and another by the Confederation of Real Estate Developers' Associations of India - better insights are obtained. Notifications issued by RERAs and Ministries, RBI directives, representations made by various stakeholder associations, and a focus group discussion of experts and professionals are other in-puts used in the analysis of the regulatory response. The data indicate that the effect of Covid-19 on real estate has been severe, with the severity getting compounded after the second wave. The stress extends to all stakeholders in the real estate ecosystem. The measures announced by various regulatory agencies are considered inadequate by developers, who have argued for a more robust response, including GST and other fiscal changes. Experts recommend amendments to the RERA Act, as well as the use of technology and innovation for long-term adjustment.

Parks, participation and the Parkrun 'move-ment' in South Africa. (Special Issue: Health and wellbeing in urban South Africa.)

The Parkrun, a community-based, shared leisure-time activity, allows people to come together to run, jog or walk, and interact socially, in park-like surroundings. Although the Parkrun started with only 13 participants in 2004, at Bushy Park, London, United Kingdom, it is now staged in 23 countries across the world, making it is a global 'social movement'. Growth has been driven by its inclusive policy, notably its focus on attracting people with traditionally low levels of physical activity. Other factors contributing to sustained interest are accessibility, the supportive social environment, the natural setting and the volunteer system. Parkrun offers opportunities beyond fitness: for socializing, creating a vibrant community life and supporting community involvement. All of which instil a sense of place in the participant and make for its popularity. Despite this, the Parkrun movement suffers from academic neglect with most sport literature focussing on mega events. This study seeks to partly address that gap by scrutinizing the four largest Parkrun events in South Africa, with a specific focus on data from 2019 and 2020, incorporating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and allowing the voices of Parkrun participants, as recorded in the relevant blogs, to be heard.

Feasibility Study on Growth-Type Youth Apartments: Taking the Architectural Form of Small Cubic Units as an Example

With the rapid process of urbanization in China, more and more young high-knowledge residents (YHKR) tend to choose to work and live in cities. Under such circumstances, youth apartments have become the first choice for YHKRs due to their flexible leasing methods, efficient layout, convenient service facilities and other advantages, and they have developed rapidly in vast cities in the past 10 years. However, the YHKRs characterized by high population mobility have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused the vacancy rate of youth apartments in China's first-tier cities to rise to 15%-20% in 2020. This paper proposes a design concept of a growth-type youth apartment (GTYA) to meet the above challenges and expounds the proposed design concept from three aspects: the birth of buildings, the growth of buildings and the disappearance of buildings. The design concept of GTYA is considered to be able to be operated in an urban chain mode, which is conducive to more efficient use of land resources. The research results provide new design perspectives and development directions for youth apartments in modern cities under the background of the pandemic. © Conference Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Project Management, China, ISPM 2022.